In the previous section, we saw some standard integrals of trigonometric functions. We saw some solved examples also. In this section, we will see a few more solved examples.
Solved example 23.7
Find the following integrals:
(i) ∫[(4x+2)√x2+x+1]dx
(ii) ∫[11−tanx]dx
(iii) ∫[11+cotx]dx
(iv) ∫[1x+xlogx]dx
Solution:
Part (i):
1.
The derivative of
(x2+x+1) is 2x+1.
• So we put u = x2+x+1
⇒ dudx = 2x+1
⇒ (2x+1)dx = du
2. So we want:
∫[(4x+2)√x2+x+1]dx = ∫[2√u]du
•
This integration can be done as shown below:
1∫[2√u]du = 2[u3/23/2 + C1] = 4u3/23 + C2 2 = 4(x2+x+1)3/23 + C
• Note that, the constants C1, C2 etc., can be combined into a single constant C because, all constants, when differentiated, will give zero only.
Part (ii):
1.
The given expression can be rearranged as follows:
111−tanx = 11−(sinx/cosx) 2 = cosxcosx−sinx 3 = cosxsin(π/2−x)−sinx 4 = cosx2cos(π/4)sin(π/4−x) 5 = cosx√2sin(π/4−x)
•
Derivative of
(π/4 − x) w.r.t x is −1.
• So we put u = (π/4 −x)
⇒ dudx = −1
⇒ −dx = du
•
Also, since u = (π/4 −x), we get: x = π/4 − u
2. So we want:
1∫[(−1)(−1)cosx√2sin(π/4−x)]dx = ∫[−cos(π/4−u)√2sinu]du 2 = ∫[−cos(π/4)cosu − sin(π/4)sinu√2sinu]du 3 = ∫[−(1/√2)cosu − (1/√2)sinu√2sinu]du 4 = ∫[−(1/√2)cotu − (1/√2)√2]du 5 = ∫[−(1/√2)(cotu + 1)√2]du 6 = ∫[−(1 + cotu)2]du
•
This integration can be done as shown below:
1∫[−1 − cotu2]du = ∫[−12]du − ∫[cotu2]du 2 = −12∫[1]du − 12∫[cotu]du 3 = −12[u+C1] − 12[log|sinu|+C2] 4 = −12[(π/4)−x+C1] − 12[log|sin((π/4)−x)|+C2] 5 = 12[x−(π/4)−C1] + 12[−log|sin((π/4)−x)|−C2] 6 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|sin((π/4)−x)|+C4] 7 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|sin(π/4)cosx − cos(π/4)sinx|+C4] 8 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(1/√2)cosx − (1/√2)sinx|+C4] 9 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(1/√2)(cosx − sinx)|+C4] 10 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log(1/√2) − log|(cosx − sinx)|+C4] 11 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(cosx − sinx)|+C5] 12 = x2+C32 − log|(cosx − sinx)|2+C52 13 = x2−log|(cosx − sinx)|2+C
• Note that, the constants C1, C2, C3 etc., can be combined into a single constant C because, all constants, when differentiated, will give zero only.
Part (iii):
1.
The given expression can be rearranged as follows:
111+cotx = 11+(cosx/sinx) 2 = sinxsinx+cosx 3 = sinxcos(π/2−x)+cosx 4 = sinx2cos(π/4)cos(π/4−x) 5 = sinx√2cos(π/4−x)
•
Derivative of
(π/4 −x) w.r.t x is −1.
• So we put u = (π/4 −x)
⇒ dudx = −1
⇒ −dx = du
•
Also, since u = (π/4 −x), we get: x = π/4 − u
2. So we want:
1∫[(−1)(−1)sinx√2cos(π/4−x)]dx = ∫[−sin(π/4−u)√2cosu]du 2 = ∫[−sin(π/4)cosu + cos(π/4)sinu√2cosu]du 3 = ∫[−(1/√2)cosu + (1/√2)sinu√2cosu]du 4 = ∫[−(1/√2) + (1/√2)tanu√2]du 5 = ∫[−(1/√2)(1 − tanu)√2]du 6 = ∫[−(1 − tanu)2]du
•
This integration can be done as shown below:
1∫[−1 + tanu2]du = ∫[−12]du + ∫[tanu2]du 2 = −12∫[1]du + 12∫[tanu]du 3 = −12[u+C1] + 12[−log|cosu|+C2] 4 = −12[(π/4)−x+C1] + 12[−log|cos((π/4)−x)|+C2] 5 = 12[x−(π/4)−C1] + 12[−log|cos((π/4)−x)|+C2] 6 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|cos((π/4)−x)|+C2] 7 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|cos(π/4)cosx + sin(π/4)sinx|+C2] 8 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(1/√2)cosx + (1/√2)sinx|+C2] 9 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(1/√2)(cosx + sinx)|+C2] 10 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log(1/√2) − log|(cosx − sinx)|+C2] 11 = 12[x+C3] + 12[−log|(cosx + sinx)|+C4] 12 = x2+C32 − log|(cosx + sinx)|2+C42 13 = x2−log|(cosx + sinx)|2+C
• Note that, the constants C1, C2, C3 etc., can be combined into a single constant C because, all constants, when differentiated, will give zero only.
Part (iv):
1.
The given expression can be rearranged as follows:
1x+xlogx = 1x(1+logx)
•
Derivative of
(1+log x) w.r.t x is: (0+1/x) = 1/x.
• So we put u = 1+ log x
⇒ dudx = 1x
⇒ du = 1xdx
2. So we want:
1∫[1x+xlogx]dx = ∫[1x(1+logx)]dx 2 = ∫[1u]du
•
This integration can be done as shown below:
1∫[1u]du = ∫[1x(1+logx)]dx 2 = ∫[1u]du 3 = log|(1+logx)| + C
The link below gives a few more solved examples:
Exercise 23.2
In the next section, we will see a few more solved examples.
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